Car scan tools are essential for modern automotive diagnostics, and understanding how their documentation is provided and updated is crucial. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive training that equips technicians with the skills to effectively use these tools and interpret their data. Our specialized programs focus on diagnostic proficiency and remote learning, ensuring you stay ahead in the rapidly evolving automotive landscape.
1. What Types Of Car Scan Tool Documentation Are Typically Provided?
Car scan tool documentation usually includes user manuals, function lists, diagnostic trouble code (DTC) definitions, and software update information. High-quality documentation enables technicians to understand and utilize the full capabilities of the scan tool.
- User Manuals: These comprehensive guides provide step-by-step instructions on how to operate the scan tool, navigate its menus, and perform basic diagnostic procedures.
- Function Lists: Function lists detail all the available functions and capabilities of the scan tool, such as reading live data, performing actuation tests, and resetting service reminders.
- DTC Definitions: This documentation explains the meaning and potential causes of diagnostic trouble codes, helping technicians accurately diagnose vehicle issues.
- Software Update Information: Details about software updates, including new features, bug fixes, and vehicle coverage enhancements, are essential for keeping the scan tool current.
2. How Are User Manuals For Car Scan Tools Typically Provided?
User manuals for car scan tools are commonly provided in both printed and digital formats. Digital manuals often come in PDF format, allowing easy access on various devices.
- Printed Manuals: Many scan tools include a printed user manual in the product packaging. This format is convenient for quick reference in the workshop.
- Digital Manuals (PDF): Digital manuals are usually available on the manufacturer’s website or included on a CD/DVD with the scan tool. PDF format ensures compatibility across different operating systems and devices.
- Online Databases: Some manufacturers host online databases that provide access to user manuals, troubleshooting guides, and other resources. These databases are often searchable and regularly updated.
- Embedded Help Systems: Advanced scan tools may feature built-in help systems that provide context-sensitive information directly on the device’s screen.
3. What Are Function Lists In Car Scan Tool Documentation?
Function lists are comprehensive catalogs of the scan tool’s capabilities, detailing every diagnostic and service function it supports. These lists help technicians quickly identify the tool’s potential for specific tasks.
- Diagnostic Functions: These include reading and clearing DTCs, viewing live data streams, performing component tests, and accessing freeze frame data.
- Service Functions: Function lists also cover service-related tasks such as oil reset, electronic parking brake (EPB) service, battery registration, and throttle body adaptation.
- Special Functions: Many scan tools offer special functions like key programming, injector coding, and diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration.
- Vehicle Coverage: The function list typically specifies the makes, models, and years of vehicles supported by each function.
4. How Are DTC Definitions Provided With Car Scan Tools?
DTC definitions are provided through built-in databases, online resources, and companion apps. This information is critical for accurately diagnosing and resolving vehicle issues.
- Built-In Databases: Most scan tools have a built-in database that provides definitions for common DTCs. This allows technicians to quickly understand the meaning of a code without needing an internet connection.
- Online Resources: Many manufacturers offer online portals or mobile apps that provide access to more detailed DTC information, including possible causes and troubleshooting steps.
- Companion Apps: Some scan tools work with companion apps that provide enhanced DTC definitions, repair guides, and access to technical service bulletins (TSBs).
5. How Is Software Update Information For Car Scan Tools Provided?
Software update information is usually communicated through email notifications, online portals, and the scan tool’s interface itself. Keeping the scan tool’s software up-to-date is vital for accessing the latest features and vehicle coverage.
- Email Notifications: Manufacturers often send email notifications to registered users when new software updates are available. These emails typically include instructions on how to download and install the update.
- Online Portals: Many manufacturers have online portals where users can check for updates, download software, and access release notes that detail the changes included in each update.
- Scan Tool Interface: Some advanced scan tools automatically check for updates when connected to the internet and notify the user when a new version is available.
- Release Notes: Release notes accompany software updates, providing detailed information on new features, bug fixes, and vehicle coverage enhancements.
6. How Often Are Car Scan Tool User Manuals Updated?
Car scan tool user manuals are updated periodically, typically with each major software release or when new features are added. Regular updates ensure that the documentation remains accurate and relevant.
- Major Software Releases: When a scan tool receives a major software update with significant new features or changes, the user manual is usually updated to reflect these changes.
- New Feature Additions: If new functions or capabilities are added to the scan tool, the user manual is updated to explain how to use them.
- Bug Fixes and Corrections: User manuals may also be updated to correct errors, clarify ambiguous instructions, and address user feedback.
- Online Documentation: Online user manuals and databases are often updated more frequently than printed manuals, allowing for more timely corrections and additions.
7. How Are Function Lists Kept Up-To-Date?
Function lists are updated with each software release to reflect new capabilities and vehicle coverage. Manufacturers often provide online databases or software updates that include the latest function lists.
- Software Updates: Function lists are typically included as part of the scan tool’s software updates. When you update the software, the function list is automatically updated as well.
- Online Databases: Many manufacturers maintain online databases that provide the most current function lists for their scan tools. These databases can be accessed through a web browser or a companion app.
- Release Notes: Software release notes often include a summary of changes to the function list, highlighting new functions and vehicle coverage enhancements.
8. How Are DTC Definitions Kept Current?
DTC definitions are updated regularly to reflect new diagnostic codes and improved diagnostic strategies. Online databases and software updates ensure that technicians have access to the latest information.
- Software Updates: Updated DTC definitions are often included in the scan tool’s software updates. Installing the latest software ensures that you have the most accurate code definitions.
- Online Databases: Manufacturers may maintain online databases of DTC definitions that are updated more frequently than the scan tool’s built-in database.
- SAE Standards: DTC definitions are based on standards set by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Manufacturers update their databases to reflect changes to these standards.
- Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs): TSBs may provide additional information about DTCs, including possible causes, troubleshooting steps, and repair procedures.
9. What Methods Are Used To Distribute Updates For Car Scan Tool Software?
Updates for car scan tool software are distributed through several methods, including online downloads, CD/DVDs, and over-the-air (OTA) updates. The method used depends on the scan tool’s capabilities and the manufacturer’s preferences.
- Online Downloads: This is the most common method for distributing software updates. Users download the update from the manufacturer’s website and install it on the scan tool using a USB cable or Wi-Fi connection.
- CD/DVDs: Some manufacturers still distribute updates on CD/DVDs, particularly for older scan tools or those with limited internet connectivity.
- Over-The-Air (OTA) Updates: Advanced scan tools may support OTA updates, which allow the device to download and install updates automatically over a Wi-Fi connection.
- Update Managers: Some manufacturers provide update manager software that simplifies the process of downloading and installing updates. This software automatically checks for updates and guides the user through the installation process.
10. How Can Technicians Ensure They Have The Most Current Documentation For Their Car Scan Tools?
To ensure they have the most current documentation, technicians should regularly check the manufacturer’s website, subscribe to email notifications, and update the scan tool’s software.
- Check Manufacturer’s Website: Regularly visit the manufacturer’s website to check for new user manuals, function lists, and software updates.
- Subscribe To Email Notifications: Sign up for email notifications from the manufacturer to receive alerts about new updates and documentation.
- Update Scan Tool Software: Always install the latest software updates to ensure you have the most current documentation and features.
- Participate In Online Forums: Engage in online forums and communities to share information and learn about updates from other users.
- CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN: Consider enrolling in comprehensive training programs at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN that provide the latest information on scan tool usage and diagnostics.
11. Are There Online Resources For Car Scan Tool Documentation And Updates?
Yes, many online resources are available, including manufacturer websites, online forums, and subscription services. These resources provide access to user manuals, function lists, DTC definitions, software updates, and troubleshooting guides.
- Manufacturer Websites: Most scan tool manufacturers have websites that offer a wealth of documentation and support resources.
- Online Forums: Online forums and communities provide a platform for technicians to share information, ask questions, and get help with their scan tools.
- Subscription Services: Some companies offer subscription services that provide access to comprehensive databases of vehicle information, including DTC definitions, wiring diagrams, and repair procedures.
- YouTube Channels: Many independent technicians and trainers create YouTube channels that offer tutorials and demonstrations on how to use car scan tools.
12. What Role Do Training Programs Play In Keeping Technicians Updated On Car Scan Tool Usage?
Training programs are essential for keeping technicians updated on car scan tool usage. They provide hands-on experience, in-depth knowledge, and insights into the latest diagnostic techniques.
- Hands-On Experience: Training programs offer hands-on experience using car scan tools in a real-world setting.
- In-Depth Knowledge: Comprehensive training programs provide in-depth knowledge of scan tool functions, diagnostic procedures, and vehicle systems.
- Latest Diagnostic Techniques: Training programs keep technicians updated on the latest diagnostic techniques and best practices.
- Certification: Some training programs offer certification upon completion, which can enhance a technician’s credentials and career prospects.
- CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN: Enrolling in remote technician education programs at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN can significantly enhance your diagnostic skills and career opportunities.
13. How Does CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Ensure Its Training Materials Are Up-To-Date?
CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN ensures its training materials are up-to-date by regularly reviewing and updating content, incorporating feedback from industry experts, and partnering with leading scan tool manufacturers.
- Regular Content Review: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN regularly reviews its training materials to ensure they reflect the latest scan tool features, diagnostic techniques, and vehicle technologies.
- Industry Expert Feedback: We incorporate feedback from industry experts and experienced technicians to enhance the accuracy and relevance of our training materials.
- Partnerships With Manufacturers: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN partners with leading scan tool manufacturers to gain access to the latest product information and training resources.
- Continuous Improvement: We are committed to continuous improvement and regularly update our training materials based on student feedback and industry trends.
14. What Are The Benefits Of Participating In Remote Technician Education Programs?
Participating in remote technician education programs offers numerous benefits, including flexibility, convenience, access to expert instructors, and cost-effectiveness.
- Flexibility: Remote programs allow technicians to learn at their own pace and on their own schedule.
- Convenience: Technicians can access training materials from anywhere with an internet connection, eliminating the need to travel to a physical classroom.
- Expert Instructors: Remote programs often feature expert instructors with extensive experience in automotive diagnostics.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Remote programs can be more cost-effective than traditional classroom-based training, as they eliminate travel and accommodation expenses.
- CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN: Remote technician education programs at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN provide comprehensive training and support to help you advance your career.
15. What Types Of Car Scan Tool Training Are Available Through CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN?
CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a variety of car scan tool training programs, including basic diagnostics, advanced diagnostics, and specialized training on specific scan tool brands and models.
- Basic Diagnostics: These programs cover the fundamentals of car scan tool usage, including reading DTCs, viewing live data, and performing basic tests.
- Advanced Diagnostics: Advanced programs delve into more complex diagnostic techniques, such as diagnosing intermittent faults, using advanced scan tool functions, and interpreting diagnostic data.
- Brand-Specific Training: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers specialized training on specific scan tool brands and models, allowing technicians to master the tools they use most often.
- Customized Training: We can also develop customized training programs to meet the specific needs of your shop or organization.
16. How Can Car Scan Tools Be Used To Improve Diagnostic Accuracy?
Car scan tools improve diagnostic accuracy by providing access to a wealth of vehicle data, including DTCs, live data streams, and freeze frame data. This information helps technicians quickly identify the root cause of vehicle issues.
- DTCs: Diagnostic trouble codes provide a starting point for diagnosing vehicle problems.
- Live Data: Live data streams allow technicians to monitor the real-time performance of vehicle systems, helping them identify faulty components or sensors.
- Freeze Frame Data: Freeze frame data captures the operating conditions of the vehicle at the moment a DTC was set, providing valuable clues for diagnosing intermittent faults.
- Component Testing: Many scan tools can perform component tests, allowing technicians to verify the functionality of individual sensors and actuators.
17. How Do Car Scan Tools Help With Vehicle Maintenance And Repair?
Car scan tools assist with vehicle maintenance and repair by providing access to diagnostic information, service reset functions, and component testing capabilities.
- Diagnostic Information: Scan tools provide diagnostic information that helps technicians quickly identify and resolve vehicle issues.
- Service Reset Functions: Many scan tools offer service reset functions, such as oil reset, EPB service, and battery registration, which are essential for performing routine maintenance.
- Component Testing: Scan tools can perform component tests to verify the functionality of individual sensors and actuators, helping technicians diagnose and repair vehicle systems.
- Programming and Coding: Some advanced scan tools can perform programming and coding functions, allowing technicians to replace and configure electronic control units (ECUs).
18. What Are The Key Features To Look For In A Car Scan Tool?
Key features to look for in a car scan tool include vehicle coverage, functionality, ease of use, update frequency, and customer support.
- Vehicle Coverage: Ensure the scan tool supports the makes, models, and years of vehicles you work on.
- Functionality: Choose a scan tool with the functions and capabilities you need, such as reading DTCs, viewing live data, performing component tests, and resetting service reminders.
- Ease Of Use: Look for a scan tool with an intuitive interface and easy-to-navigate menus.
- Update Frequency: Choose a scan tool that receives regular software updates to ensure you have the latest features and vehicle coverage.
- Customer Support: Select a scan tool from a manufacturer that provides excellent customer support and technical assistance.
19. How Can A Car Scan Tool Help Diagnose Intermittent Problems?
Car scan tools can help diagnose intermittent problems by capturing freeze frame data, monitoring live data streams, and performing advanced diagnostic tests.
- Freeze Frame Data: Freeze frame data captures the operating conditions of the vehicle at the moment a DTC was set, providing valuable clues for diagnosing intermittent faults.
- Live Data Streams: Monitoring live data streams can help identify intermittent sensor or actuator failures.
- Advanced Diagnostic Tests: Some scan tools offer advanced diagnostic tests that can help pinpoint intermittent problems.
- Data Logging: Data logging allows technicians to record live data over a period of time, which can be useful for capturing intermittent events.
20. What Is The Importance Of Understanding Live Data With Car Scan Tools?
Understanding live data is crucial for effective diagnostics. It allows technicians to monitor the real-time performance of vehicle systems, identify faulty components, and verify repairs.
- Real-Time Monitoring: Live data provides a real-time view of vehicle system performance.
- Fault Identification: By monitoring live data, technicians can identify faulty sensors, actuators, and other components.
- Repair Verification: Live data can be used to verify that repairs have been successful and that vehicle systems are functioning properly.
- Trend Analysis: Analyzing live data trends can help technicians identify subtle issues that may not trigger a DTC.
21. What Are The Different Types Of Car Scan Tools Available On The Market?
Different types of car scan tools available on the market include basic code readers, professional-grade scan tools, and PC-based scan tools.
- Basic Code Readers: These are simple, inexpensive tools that can read and clear DTCs.
- Professional-Grade Scan Tools: These are more advanced tools that offer a wider range of functions, such as live data, component testing, and service reset functions.
- PC-Based Scan Tools: These tools consist of a software program that runs on a computer and an interface that connects to the vehicle’s diagnostic port. PC-based scan tools often offer advanced features and capabilities.
- Smartphone-Based Scan Tools: These tools use a smartphone app and a Bluetooth adapter to communicate with the vehicle’s diagnostic port.
22. How Do Wireless Car Scan Tools Improve Diagnostic Efficiency?
Wireless car scan tools improve diagnostic efficiency by allowing technicians to move freely around the vehicle while monitoring data and performing tests.
- Mobility: Wireless scan tools allow technicians to move around the vehicle without being tethered to a cable.
- Convenience: Wireless connectivity eliminates the need to plug and unplug cables, saving time and effort.
- Remote Diagnostics: Some wireless scan tools allow technicians to perform remote diagnostics from a distance.
- Improved Safety: Wireless connectivity reduces the risk of tripping over cables.
23. How Are Car Scan Tools Used To Diagnose ABS Problems?
Car scan tools are used to diagnose ABS problems by reading ABS-specific DTCs, monitoring ABS sensor data, and performing ABS component tests.
- ABS DTCs: Car scan tools can read ABS-specific DTCs, which provide a starting point for diagnosing ABS problems.
- ABS Sensor Data: Monitoring ABS sensor data allows technicians to identify faulty wheel speed sensors.
- ABS Component Tests: Some scan tools can perform ABS component tests, such as testing the ABS pump motor and solenoids.
- Live Data Analysis: Analyzing live data from the ABS system can help identify subtle issues that may not trigger a DTC.
24. Can Car Scan Tools Be Used To Reprogram Vehicle Control Modules?
Yes, some advanced car scan tools can be used to reprogram vehicle control modules. However, this requires specialized knowledge and access to the manufacturer’s reprogramming software.
- ECU Reprogramming: Some advanced scan tools can reprogram electronic control units (ECUs).
- Software Updates: Reprogramming is often necessary to install software updates that address bugs or improve vehicle performance.
- Module Replacement: When replacing an ECU, it may be necessary to reprogram it to match the vehicle’s specifications.
- Specialized Knowledge: Reprogramming requires specialized knowledge and access to the manufacturer’s reprogramming software.
25. What Safety Precautions Should Be Followed When Using Car Scan Tools?
Safety precautions to follow when using car scan tools include wearing safety glasses, disconnecting the vehicle’s battery, and following the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Safety Glasses: Always wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from debris and chemicals.
- Battery Disconnection: Disconnect the vehicle’s battery before performing any electrical work.
- Manufacturer’s Instructions: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for using the scan tool and performing diagnostic tests.
- Proper Ventilation: Ensure the work area is properly ventilated to avoid exposure to harmful fumes.
26. How Can I Interpret Freeze Frame Data On A Car Scan Tool?
Interpreting freeze frame data involves understanding the operating conditions of the vehicle at the moment a DTC was set. This data can provide valuable clues for diagnosing intermittent faults.
- Operating Conditions: Freeze frame data captures the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as engine speed, load, and temperature.
- DTC Context: Understanding the operating conditions at the time the DTC was set can help you determine the root cause of the problem.
- Fault Identification: Freeze frame data can help identify intermittent sensor or actuator failures.
- Data Analysis: Analyze the freeze frame data in conjunction with live data and other diagnostic information to pinpoint the source of the problem.
27. What Are The Advantages Of Using A Wireless Car Scan Tool?
Advantages of using a wireless car scan tool include greater mobility, convenience, and improved safety.
- Mobility: Wireless scan tools allow technicians to move around the vehicle without being tethered to a cable.
- Convenience: Wireless connectivity eliminates the need to plug and unplug cables, saving time and effort.
- Remote Diagnostics: Some wireless scan tools allow technicians to perform remote diagnostics from a distance.
- Improved Safety: Wireless connectivity reduces the risk of tripping over cables.
28. How Can I Keep My Car Scan Tool Updated With The Latest Software?
To keep your car scan tool updated with the latest software, regularly check the manufacturer’s website, subscribe to email notifications, and use the scan tool’s built-in update feature.
- Manufacturer’s Website: Regularly visit the manufacturer’s website to check for new software updates.
- Email Notifications: Subscribe to email notifications from the manufacturer to receive alerts about new updates.
- Built-In Update Feature: Use the scan tool’s built-in update feature to check for and install updates.
- Update Manager Software: Some manufacturers provide update manager software that simplifies the process of downloading and installing updates.
29. How Does A Car Scan Tool Help Diagnose Engine Misfires?
A car scan tool helps diagnose engine misfires by identifying misfire-specific DTCs, monitoring live data related to engine performance, and performing cylinder balance tests.
- Misfire DTCs: Car scan tools can identify misfire-specific DTCs, which indicate which cylinder is misfiring.
- Live Data Monitoring: Monitoring live data, such as engine speed, load, and fuel trim, can help identify the cause of the misfire.
- Cylinder Balance Tests: Some scan tools can perform cylinder balance tests, which help identify cylinders that are not contributing equally to engine power.
- Ignition System Testing: Scan tools can be used to test the ignition system, including the spark plugs, ignition coils, and ignition module.
30. How Do Car Scan Tools Assist In Diagnosing Transmission Problems?
Car scan tools assist in diagnosing transmission problems by reading transmission-specific DTCs, monitoring transmission sensor data, and performing transmission component tests.
- Transmission DTCs: Car scan tools can read transmission-specific DTCs, which provide a starting point for diagnosing transmission problems.
- Transmission Sensor Data: Monitoring transmission sensor data, such as transmission fluid temperature, input speed, and output speed, can help identify faulty sensors.
- Transmission Component Tests: Some scan tools can perform transmission component tests, such as testing the transmission solenoids and shift actuators.
- Live Data Analysis: Analyzing live data from the transmission system can help identify subtle issues that may not trigger a DTC.
Staying current with the latest diagnostic techniques and scan tool technology is essential for automotive technicians. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive remote technician education programs that provide the knowledge and skills you need to excel in your career.
Don’t let outdated skills hold you back. Contact CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN today at +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our website at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN to learn more about our remote training programs and take your diagnostic abilities to the next level. Our office is located at 555 Automotive Way, Suite 100, Los Angeles, CA 90017, United States. Invest in your future and become a master of automotive diagnostics with CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN!
FAQ: Car Scan Tools and Training
1. How Do I Choose The Right Car Scan Tool For My Needs?
Choosing the right car scan tool depends on your budget, the types of vehicles you work on, and the functions you need. Start by identifying the makes and models you service most often, then look for a scan tool that offers comprehensive coverage for those vehicles. Consider features like live data, bi-directional controls, and special functions such as key programming or TPMS reset.
2. What Are The Benefits Of Investing In Car Scan Tool Training?
Investing in car scan tool training can significantly improve your diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and overall value as a technician. Training helps you understand how to use the tool effectively, interpret the data it provides, and diagnose complex issues more quickly. This leads to increased customer satisfaction and higher earning potential.
3. Can I Learn How To Use A Car Scan Tool Through Online Courses?
Yes, many reputable online courses can teach you how to use a car scan tool effectively. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive remote training programs that cover everything from basic code reading to advanced diagnostics, providing you with the skills you need to succeed.
4. How Often Should I Update My Car Scan Tool’s Software?
You should update your car scan tool’s software as soon as updates are available. These updates often include new vehicle coverage, enhanced functionality, and bug fixes that can improve the tool’s performance and accuracy.
5. What Are Some Common Mistakes To Avoid When Using A Car Scan Tool?
Common mistakes to avoid include misinterpreting diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), relying solely on DTCs without further investigation, and neglecting to update the tool’s software. Always consult the vehicle’s service manual and use the scan tool as a starting point for a thorough diagnostic process.
6. How Can I Use A Car Scan Tool To Diagnose Intermittent Problems?
Diagnosing intermittent problems with a car scan tool requires patience and a strategic approach. Use the tool to monitor live data streams while the vehicle is operating under the conditions that trigger the issue. Pay attention to freeze frame data, which captures the data at the moment a DTC was set.
7. What Are The Key Differences Between A Basic Code Reader And A Professional Scan Tool?
Basic code readers are designed primarily to read and clear diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), while professional scan tools offer a much wider range of functions, including live data streaming, bi-directional controls, component testing, and special functions such as ABS bleeding or throttle relearn.
8. How Does CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN’s Remote Training Program Work?
CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN’s remote training program works by providing you with access to online learning modules, video tutorials, and interactive exercises. You’ll also have the opportunity to connect with experienced instructors and fellow students through online forums and live Q&A sessions.
9. What Support Is Available After Completing A Training Program With CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN?
CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN provides ongoing support to graduates of its training programs through online forums, access to updated training materials, and opportunities for continuing education. We are committed to helping you succeed in your automotive career.
10. How Can Car Scan Tool Training Increase My Earning Potential?
Car scan tool training can increase your earning potential by making you a more valuable and efficient technician. With advanced diagnostic skills, you can diagnose and repair complex issues more quickly and accurately, leading to increased customer satisfaction and higher billable hours.
