different obd2 scanner price ranges
different obd2 scanner price ranges

How Does The Cost Of Professional Scan Tools Vary?

Car scan tools are essential for modern vehicle diagnostics, and understanding the cost variations of professional scan tools is crucial for making informed decisions. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers in-depth training to help you master these tools and enhance your diagnostic skills, paving the way for a successful career. Explore our remote technician education programs to unlock your potential.

1. Understanding the Spectrum of Professional Scan Tool Costs

The cost of professional scan tools varies significantly, ranging from a few hundred dollars to tens of thousands. Several factors influence this price range, including functionality, brand reputation, software capabilities, and the level of support provided. Generally, the more advanced the features and the broader the vehicle coverage, the higher the price.

2. Factors Influencing the Cost of Professional Scan Tools

Several key factors determine the price of a professional scan tool. Understanding these aspects can help technicians and shop owners make informed decisions.

  • Functionality and Features: The capabilities of a scan tool are a primary cost driver. Basic scan tools, which read and clear diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), are relatively inexpensive. However, advanced scan tools offer bi-directional control, OEM live data, special functions like calibrations and resets, and the ability to perform module programming, significantly increasing their price.
  • Vehicle Coverage: The range of vehicles a scan tool can diagnose also impacts its cost. Scan tools that cover a wide variety of makes and models, including domestic, Asian, and European vehicles, typically command higher prices. Enhanced coverage often requires extensive software development and licensing agreements.
  • Software and Updates: The software powering a scan tool is critical to its performance. Tools with comprehensive diagnostic software, frequent updates, and access to manufacturer-specific data tend to be more expensive. Subscription-based software updates ensure the tool remains compatible with new vehicle models and technologies.
  • Hardware Quality and Durability: The physical build quality and durability of a scan tool can also affect its price. Ruggedized tools designed to withstand the harsh conditions of an automotive shop, such as drops, spills, and exposure to chemicals, often come with a higher price tag.
  • Brand Reputation and Support: Established brands with a reputation for quality and reliability often charge more for their scan tools. These brands typically offer superior customer support, training resources, and warranty coverage, adding value to the purchase.
  • Advanced Features: Additional features such as wireless connectivity, touchscreen displays, and integrated diagnostic databases contribute to the overall cost. These features enhance usability and efficiency, making the tool more valuable for professional technicians.

3. Entry-Level Professional Scan Tools: Cost-Effective Solutions

Entry-level professional scan tools typically range from $200 to $1,000. These tools offer a balance of essential diagnostic features and affordability, making them suitable for independent technicians and small repair shops.

  • Capabilities: Entry-level tools generally support OBD-II diagnostics, allowing technicians to read and clear DTCs, view live data streams, and perform basic system tests.
  • Example: The Innova 5610, priced around $345.09, is an example of an advanced handheld OBD2 scanner that provides essential functions without the high cost of premium tools.
  • Use Cases: These tools are ideal for routine maintenance, basic diagnostics, and addressing common vehicle issues. They are user-friendly and often come with intuitive interfaces, making them accessible for technicians with varying levels of experience.
  • Training: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers courses that cover the effective use of entry-level scan tools, providing technicians with the knowledge and skills to maximize their diagnostic capabilities.

4. Mid-Range Professional Scan Tools: Balancing Features and Price

Mid-range professional scan tools typically cost between $1,000 and $5,000. These tools offer a broader range of features and capabilities, making them suitable for medium-sized repair shops and technicians who require more advanced diagnostic functions.

  • Capabilities: Mid-range tools often include bi-directional controls, enhanced vehicle coverage, and special functions like ABS bleeding, TPMS resets, and electronic parking brake service.
  • Example: Brands like Autel and Launch offer mid-range scan tools with advanced features and extensive vehicle coverage.
  • Use Cases: These tools are well-suited for diagnosing complex issues, performing advanced system tests, and completing a wider range of automotive repairs. They provide technicians with the tools they need to tackle more challenging diagnostic tasks.
  • Training: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN provides specialized training modules that focus on the advanced features of mid-range scan tools, enabling technicians to leverage their full potential.

5. High-End Professional Scan Tools: Comprehensive Diagnostic Power

High-end professional scan tools, priced from $5,000 to $20,000 and beyond, represent the pinnacle of diagnostic technology. These tools offer comprehensive capabilities, extensive vehicle coverage, and advanced features, making them indispensable for large repair shops, dealerships, and specialized diagnostic centers.

  • Capabilities: High-end tools provide advanced bi-directional controls, module programming, key programming, ADAS calibrations, and access to OEM diagnostic data. They often include integrated diagnostic databases, remote support capabilities, and advanced data analysis tools.
  • Example: Brands like Snap-on, Bosch, and Autel offer high-end scan tools designed for the most demanding diagnostic tasks.
  • Use Cases: These tools are essential for diagnosing and repairing the most complex vehicle issues, performing advanced system calibrations, and programming electronic control units (ECUs). They provide technicians with the tools they need to handle any diagnostic challenge.
  • Training: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive training programs that cover the advanced features and applications of high-end scan tools, ensuring technicians are proficient in their use.

6. Key Programming and its Impact on Scan Tool Costs

Key programming is a specialized function that allows technicians to program new keys or key fobs for vehicles. This feature is particularly valuable for locksmiths, dealerships, and repair shops that offer key replacement services.

  • Cost Factor: Scan tools with key programming capabilities typically cost more due to the complexity of the software and the need for specialized hardware. The cost can range from a few hundred dollars for basic key programming functions to several thousand dollars for advanced systems that support a wide range of vehicle makes and models.
  • Security Considerations: Key programming requires secure access to vehicle immobilizer systems, which often involves authentication protocols and security measures to prevent unauthorized access. Scan tools with robust security features and compliance with industry standards are generally more expensive.
  • Training: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers specialized training courses that cover key programming techniques, security protocols, and best practices, ensuring technicians are equipped with the knowledge and skills to perform key programming safely and effectively.

7. ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and Scan Tool Requirements

ADAS refers to the suite of electronic systems designed to enhance vehicle safety and driver convenience, including features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, blind-spot monitoring, and automatic emergency braking.

  • Calibration Needs: ADAS components require precise calibration to function correctly. Scan tools that support ADAS calibrations must have specialized software and hardware, such as calibration targets and laser alignment systems.
  • Cost Implications: Scan tools with ADAS calibration capabilities typically cost more due to the complexity of the technology and the need for accurate calibration procedures. The cost can range from several thousand dollars for basic ADAS calibration functions to tens of thousands of dollars for comprehensive systems that support a wide range of vehicle makes and models.
  • Training: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN provides specialized training programs that cover ADAS calibration procedures, diagnostic techniques, and safety considerations, ensuring technicians are proficient in working with these advanced systems. According to a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ADAS technologies have the potential to significantly reduce traffic accidents and fatalities.

8. The Importance of Software Updates and Subscriptions

Software updates are essential for keeping scan tools current with the latest vehicle models, diagnostic protocols, and software enhancements. Regular updates ensure the tool remains compatible with new vehicles and can accurately diagnose emerging issues.

  • Subscription Models: Many scan tool manufacturers offer subscription-based software updates, which provide technicians with access to the latest diagnostic data, software features, and vehicle coverage.
  • Cost Considerations: Subscription costs can vary depending on the scan tool brand, the level of coverage, and the frequency of updates. Some manufacturers offer annual subscriptions, while others provide monthly or quarterly options.
  • Long-Term Value: While subscription costs can add to the overall expense of owning a scan tool, they provide long-term value by ensuring the tool remains a valuable asset for years to come.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Perspective: At CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN, we emphasize the importance of staying current with software updates and provide training on how to effectively utilize the latest features and diagnostic data.

9. The Role of Bi-Directional Controls in Professional Diagnostics

Bi-directional controls allow technicians to send commands to vehicle systems and monitor their response in real-time. This feature is invaluable for diagnosing electrical issues, testing components, and verifying repairs.

  • Enhanced Diagnostics: Bi-directional controls enable technicians to activate solenoids, relays, actuators, and other components to assess their functionality. This can help pinpoint issues that might otherwise be difficult to diagnose.
  • Cost Justification: Scan tools with bi-directional control capabilities typically cost more due to the complexity of the software and the need for robust communication protocols.
  • Efficiency Gains: The ability to perform active tests and monitor system responses can significantly reduce diagnostic time and improve the accuracy of repairs.
  • Training Emphasis: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN training programs emphasize the effective use of bi-directional controls, providing technicians with hands-on experience and practical knowledge.

10. OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) Diagnostic Capabilities

OEM diagnostic capabilities provide technicians with access to the same diagnostic data and functions as dealership-level tools. This includes access to manufacturer-specific diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), live data parameters, and service procedures.

  • Comprehensive Data: OEM data can provide deeper insights into vehicle systems and help technicians diagnose issues that might not be apparent with generic OBD-II scan tools.
  • Cost Factors: Scan tools with OEM diagnostic capabilities typically cost more due to the licensing agreements required to access manufacturer-specific data.
  • Enhanced Repairs: Access to OEM data can improve the accuracy and effectiveness of repairs, ensuring vehicles are restored to their original operating condition.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Insight: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN training programs provide technicians with the knowledge and skills to effectively utilize OEM diagnostic data, enhancing their diagnostic capabilities.

11. Navigating the FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) Gateway with Scan Tools

The FCA gateway is a security feature implemented on 2018 and newer FCA vehicles (including Jeep, Fiat, Chrysler, and Dodge) to protect vehicle systems from unauthorized access. Scan tools must be authorized to communicate with these vehicles.

  • Security Measures: Accessing the FCA gateway requires authentication through AutoAuth, a secure service that verifies the identity of the scan tool and the technician.
  • Cost Implications: Scan tools with FCA gateway access typically cost more due to the need for AutoAuth subscriptions and compliance with security protocols.
  • Diagnostic Access: Proper access is essential for performing enhanced diagnostics, module programming, and other advanced functions on FCA vehicles.
  • Training at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN provides training on navigating the FCA gateway, ensuring technicians can effectively diagnose and repair FCA vehicles.

12. Remote Programming and Support: Extending Diagnostic Reach

Some high-end scan tools offer remote programming and support capabilities, allowing technicians to access expert assistance and perform module programming remotely.

  • Expert Assistance: Remote support can provide technicians with access to experienced diagnosticians who can assist with complex issues, offer guidance, and provide remote programming services.
  • Cost Benefits: While remote programming and support services can add to the overall cost of scan tool ownership, they can also save time and money by reducing the need for specialized equipment or expertise in-house.
  • Enhanced Capabilities: Remote programming can enable technicians to perform module updates, calibrations, and other advanced functions without having to send the vehicle to a dealership.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Perspective: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN recognizes the value of remote programming and support and offers training on how to effectively utilize these services.

13. Maximizing Your Investment: Choosing the Right Scan Tool for Your Needs

Selecting the right professional scan tool requires careful consideration of your specific needs, budget, and diagnostic requirements.

  • Assess Your Needs: Evaluate the types of vehicles you typically service, the diagnostic functions you require, and the level of support you need.
  • Set a Budget: Determine how much you can afford to spend on a scan tool, considering both the initial purchase price and ongoing subscription costs.
  • Compare Features: Compare the features and capabilities of different scan tools, focusing on those that are most relevant to your needs.
  • Read Reviews: Read reviews from other technicians and shop owners to get an idea of the tool’s performance, reliability, and ease of use.
  • Consider Training: Invest in training to ensure you can effectively utilize the features and capabilities of your scan tool.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN as Your Partner: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a range of training programs designed to help technicians maximize their investment in professional scan tools.

14. The Impact of Scan Tools on Automotive Technician Salaries

Proficiency in using professional scan tools can significantly impact an automotive technician’s earning potential. Technicians with advanced diagnostic skills and the ability to effectively utilize scan tools are in high demand and can command higher salaries.

  • Increased Value: Technicians who can quickly and accurately diagnose complex vehicle issues are more valuable to repair shops and dealerships.
  • Higher Earning Potential: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for automotive service technicians and mechanics was $46,840 in May 2021. However, technicians with specialized skills, such as advanced diagnostics and scan tool proficiency, can earn significantly more.
  • Career Advancement: Mastery of scan tools can open doors to career advancement opportunities, such as lead technician, diagnostic specialist, or shop foreman.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Advantage: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN training programs are designed to equip technicians with the skills and knowledge they need to excel in their careers and increase their earning potential.

15. Free Resources for Learning About Car Scan Tools

While professional training programs offer the most comprehensive education, several free resources can help technicians learn about car scan tools and diagnostic techniques.

  • Online Forums: Online forums and communities provide a platform for technicians to share knowledge, ask questions, and learn from each other.
  • YouTube Channels: Many automotive technicians and educators create YouTube channels with tutorials, demonstrations, and diagnostic tips.
  • Manufacturer Websites: Scan tool manufacturers often provide free resources, such as user manuals, software updates, and troubleshooting guides.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Blog: The CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN blog features articles, tutorials, and diagnostic tips for technicians of all skill levels.

16. Choosing Between a Handheld Scan Tool and a PC-Based System

Professional scan tools come in two main forms: handheld devices and PC-based systems. Each type has its advantages and disadvantages.

  • Handheld Scan Tools: Handheld scan tools are portable, self-contained devices that are easy to use and do not require a computer. They are ideal for quick diagnostics and on-the-go repairs.
    • Pros: Portability, ease of use, and no need for a computer.
    • Cons: Limited screen size, slower processing power, and less storage capacity.
  • PC-Based Systems: PC-based systems consist of a software program that runs on a laptop or desktop computer and a communication interface that connects to the vehicle. They offer more processing power, larger displays, and greater storage capacity.
    • Pros: More processing power, larger display, greater storage capacity, and the ability to run multiple diagnostic applications.
    • Cons: Less portable, require a computer, and can be more complex to set up.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Guidance: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN training programs cover both handheld and PC-based scan tools, providing technicians with the knowledge and skills to use each type effectively.

17. Common Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) and Their Meanings

Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) are codes stored in a vehicle’s computer system that indicate a problem. Understanding common DTCs and their meanings is essential for effective diagnostics.

  • P0300: Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected.
  • P0171: System Too Lean (Bank 1).
  • P0420: Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1).
  • P0301: Cylinder 1 Misfire Detected.
  • P0011: “A” Camshaft Position – Timing Over-Advanced or System Performance (Bank 1).
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Resources: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN training programs provide comprehensive coverage of DTCs, their meanings, and diagnostic strategies.

18. Live Data Analysis: Interpreting Real-Time Vehicle Information

Live data refers to the real-time parameters and readings from a vehicle’s sensors and systems. Analyzing live data is crucial for diagnosing intermittent issues and verifying system performance.

  • Key Parameters: Important live data parameters include engine speed, coolant temperature, fuel trim, oxygen sensor readings, and ignition timing.
  • Diagnostic Strategies: Analyzing live data can help technicians identify issues such as vacuum leaks, faulty sensors, and malfunctioning actuators.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Expertise: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN training programs provide in-depth instruction on live data analysis, enabling technicians to effectively interpret real-time vehicle information.

19. The Future of Automotive Diagnostics: Emerging Trends and Technologies

The field of automotive diagnostics is constantly evolving, with new technologies and trends emerging all the time.

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI-powered diagnostic systems can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, predict failures, and provide diagnostic recommendations.
  • Cloud-Based Diagnostics: Cloud-based diagnostic platforms allow technicians to access diagnostic data, software updates, and remote support services from anywhere with an internet connection.
  • Augmented Reality (AR): AR technology can overlay diagnostic information onto the technician’s view of the vehicle, providing real-time guidance and assistance.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Vision: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN is committed to staying at the forefront of automotive diagnostic technology and providing technicians with the training they need to succeed in the future.

20. Investing in Your Future: The Benefits of Professional Training at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN

Investing in professional training is one of the best ways to enhance your diagnostic skills, increase your earning potential, and advance your career. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive training programs designed to equip technicians with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the automotive industry.

  • Expert Instruction: Learn from experienced instructors with real-world diagnostic expertise.
  • Hands-On Training: Gain practical experience using professional scan tools and diagnostic equipment.
  • Comprehensive Curriculum: Master essential diagnostic techniques, including DTC analysis, live data interpretation, and bi-directional controls.
  • Career Advancement: Enhance your diagnostic skills and increase your earning potential.
  • Flexible Learning Options: Choose from online, in-person, and hybrid training programs to fit your schedule and learning style.
  • CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN Promise: CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN is committed to providing technicians with the highest quality training and support.

Unlock your potential and become a master of automotive diagnostics with CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN. Our comprehensive training programs, expert instructors, and hands-on learning approach will equip you with the skills and knowledge you need to excel in your career. Contact us today at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our website at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN to learn more about our training programs and start your journey to success. Our support office is located at 555 Automotive Way, Suite 100, Los Angeles, CA 90017, United States.

different obd2 scanner price rangesdifferent obd2 scanner price ranges

FAQ: Professional Scan Tools

1. What is a car scan tool, and why is it important for automotive diagnostics?
A car scan tool, also known as an automotive diagnostic scanner, is an electronic device used to communicate with a vehicle’s onboard computer system. It reads diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), retrieves live data, and performs various diagnostic tests to identify and troubleshoot automotive issues. Automotive scan tools are essential for modern vehicle diagnostics because they enable technicians to quickly and accurately diagnose complex electronic and mechanical problems.

2. How do I choose the right car scan tool for my needs?
Choosing the right automotive scan tool depends on your specific needs, budget, and diagnostic requirements. Start by assessing the types of vehicles you typically service, the diagnostic functions you need (such as reading and clearing DTCs, viewing live data, performing bi-directional tests, or module programming), and the level of support you require. Then, compare different scan tools based on their features, vehicle coverage, software updates, and price. Reading reviews from other technicians and considering professional training can also help you make an informed decision.

3. What is the difference between an entry-level, mid-range, and high-end car scan tool?
Entry-level car scan tools typically range from $200 to $1,000 and offer basic OBD-II diagnostics, allowing technicians to read and clear DTCs, view live data streams, and perform basic system tests. Mid-range car scan tools cost between $1,000 and $5,000 and include bi-directional controls, enhanced vehicle coverage, and special functions like ABS bleeding and TPMS resets. High-end professional scan tools, priced from $5,000 to $20,000 and beyond, offer comprehensive capabilities, extensive vehicle coverage, advanced bi-directional controls, module programming, key programming, ADAS calibrations, and access to OEM diagnostic data.

4. What are bi-directional controls, and why are they important for diagnostics?
Bi-directional controls allow technicians to send commands to vehicle systems and monitor their response in real-time. This feature is invaluable for diagnosing electrical issues, testing components, and verifying repairs. For example, a technician can use bi-directional controls to activate solenoids, relays, actuators, and other components to assess their functionality, helping pinpoint issues that might otherwise be difficult to diagnose.

5. What is the FCA gateway, and how does it affect scan tool usage on FCA vehicles?
The FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) gateway is a security feature implemented on 2018 and newer FCA vehicles (including Jeep, Fiat, Chrysler, and Dodge) to protect vehicle systems from unauthorized access. Accessing the FCA gateway requires authentication through AutoAuth, a secure service that verifies the identity of the scan tool and the technician. Scan tools with FCA gateway access typically cost more due to the need for AutoAuth subscriptions and compliance with security protocols. Proper access is essential for performing enhanced diagnostics, module programming, and other advanced functions on FCA vehicles.

6. How important are software updates for a car scan tool, and what do they cost?
Software updates are essential for keeping car scan tools current with the latest vehicle models, diagnostic protocols, and software enhancements. Regular updates ensure the tool remains compatible with new vehicles and can accurately diagnose emerging issues. Many scan tool manufacturers offer subscription-based software updates, which provide technicians with access to the latest diagnostic data, software features, and vehicle coverage. Subscription costs can vary depending on the scan tool brand, the level of coverage, and the frequency of updates.

7. Can I learn how to use a car scan tool effectively through online training?
Yes, online training programs can be an effective way to learn how to use a car scan tool. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive online training programs designed to equip technicians with the knowledge and skills they need to effectively use car scan tools, interpret diagnostic data, and perform advanced diagnostic procedures. Online training provides flexibility and convenience, allowing technicians to learn at their own pace and on their own schedule.

8. What are the benefits of remote technician education for automotive diagnostics?
Remote technician education offers several benefits for automotive diagnostics, including flexibility, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Technicians can access training materials and expert instruction from anywhere with an internet connection, allowing them to learn at their own pace and on their own schedule. Remote training can also save time and money by reducing the need for travel and accommodation. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN provides a range of remote technician education programs designed to enhance diagnostic skills and career prospects.

9. How can CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN help me improve my diagnostic skills and career prospects?
CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN offers comprehensive training programs designed to equip technicians with the knowledge and skills they need to excel in the automotive industry. Our programs cover essential diagnostic techniques, including DTC analysis, live data interpretation, bi-directional controls, and module programming. We offer flexible learning options, including online, in-person, and hybrid training programs, and our expert instructors provide personalized support and guidance. By investing in training at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN, technicians can enhance their diagnostic skills, increase their earning potential, and advance their careers.

10. What are some emerging trends in automotive diagnostics, and how can I stay ahead of the curve?
Emerging trends in automotive diagnostics include artificial intelligence (AI)-powered diagnostic systems, cloud-based diagnostics, and augmented reality (AR) technology. AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns and predict failures, while cloud-based platforms provide access to diagnostic data and remote support services. AR technology can overlay diagnostic information onto the technician’s view of the vehicle, providing real-time guidance and assistance. To stay ahead of the curve, technicians should invest in continuous learning, attend industry conferences, and subscribe to automotive publications and online resources. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN is committed to staying at the forefront of automotive diagnostic technology and providing technicians with the training they need to succeed in the future.

Investing in the right professional scan tool and continuous training is essential for success in today’s automotive industry. CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN is your partner in achieving excellence in automotive diagnostics. Contact us today to explore our training programs and take your career to the next level. Our support office is located at 555 Automotive Way, Suite 100, Los Angeles, CA 90017, United States. Reach us via Whatsapp at +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our website at CAR-SCAN-TOOL.EDU.VN for more information.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *